botox injections in leg muscle after stroke side effects

The BoNT serotypes, however, differ in their intracellular protein target, potency, and duration of action. Today BoNT/A is employed and considered safe and effective for treatment of movement disorders, with dystonia and spasticity being the most widely used indications. BoNT/A and B are the most studied serotypes, commercially available and extensively used. Double-blind placebo-controlled studies, as well as open-label clinical trials, provide evidence that when appropriate targets and doses are selected, BoNT temporarily ameliorates disorders associated with excessive muscle contraction or autonomic dysfunction.

There are seven distinct serotypes of BoNT-A, B, C (C-1, C-2), D, E, F, and G-that have similar neurotoxic properties resulting in flaccid muscle paralysis due to presynaptic blockage of acetylcholine release. The widely applied clinical indications for dystonia and spasticity have been specifically chosen as our focus in this present work.īotulinum toxin (BoNT), the most potent biological toxin, has become a powerful therapeutic tool for a growing number of clinical indications.

An attempt was made to summarize in one place the available evidence, and when possible to compare and point out the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques for localization of BoNT injections. Various techniques to find the best injection site for the delivery of BoNT have been described in the literature. The accuracy in targeting muscle localization is considered to be a key factor for determining the outcome of BoNT injections, even more important than dilution volume and dose.

Optimal therapeutic results, however, depend on several factors, including the BoNT serotype, dose, concentration, injected volume, frequency of application, as well as precise localization of the muscles producing the abnormal movement. Spastic disorders comprise another area where BoNT treatment has proved beneficial. One of the earliest indications as well as the most common BoNT treated movement disorder is dystonia, predominantly its focal forms, including blepharospasm, oromandibular, spasmodic, cervical and limb dystonia. There is irrefutable evidence for the effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of various disorders associated with excessive muscle contraction or autonomic dysfunction.

Botox injections in leg muscle after stroke side effects